The machine gun was decisive in securing victories for the Allies in WW1, if that's the time period this is focused on.
Many European countries had what was referred to as a "Sphere of Influence" in China at this time. So, Secretary of State, John Hay, created an open door policy to allow all countries equal privileges in trade.
You could use rhetoric and rhetorical devices when you would try to persuade someone to do something, like when you haggle at a market and try to persuade why something should change. You could use logos to establish why something is not worth the price and should have a lower price.
The Supreme Court (c) determined race may be a factor when admitting students, but not the only factor. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy, not just to fulfill a quota.