On June 25, 2013, the United States Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to use the coverage formula in Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act to determine which jurisdictions are subject to the preclearance requirement of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, Shelby County v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013).
On April 28, by a vote of 6 to 3, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a facial challenge to Indiana's voter-photo identification law in the case of Crawford v. Marion County Election Board. At issue was whether Indiana's requirement that voters show government-issued photo identification before casting a ballot, with certain exemptions, violated the U.S. Constitution. The 2005 Indiana law requires that a voter present ID at the precinct on election day, with absentee voters and residents of state-licensed nursing homes exempted. The law also exempts anyone unable to afford documentation to obtain a photo ID (typically a birth certificate) and authorizes a provisional ballot for those lacking the ID. The voter who casts a provisional ballot then has 10 days to bring a photo ID to an elections official. The same procedure applies for those who claim a religious objection to being photographed.
African American spirituals, gospel, and folk music all played an important role in the Civil Rights Movement. Singers and musicians collaborated with ethnomusicologists and song collectors to disseminate songs to activists, both at large meetings and through publications.
The 1920s presidents began a system of tariffs on imported good to encourage spending on American goods only. However, with no trade, European countries were unable to make money.
Tariffs are taxes on imported goods. This is a common economic policy of conservatives.
The wheel, plow, and writing (a system which we call cuneiform) are examples of their achievements. The farmers in Sumer created levees to hold back the floods from their fields and cut canals to channel river water to the fields. The use of levees and canals is called irrigation, another Sumerian invention.