Answer:
1. The idea of alien life (proposed many years ago) has not yet been proven- Participle phrase.
The participle phrase starts either with the present (dependably ending with -ing) or past (dependably ending with -ed)
The participle phrase includes the modifiers or objects to complete the thought of the sentence.
2. (According to the letter) the wedding is June 25th.- Prepositional.
A prepositional phrase refers to the phrase which begins with a preposition and ends with the 'objects' of the prepositions that are nouns, gerund, clause or pronoun.
The pattern of the prepositional phrase follows by the object of the preposition having one or more modifiers.
3. Mikayla's homeroom teacher, (mr. Jones) is very proud of her- Appositive
Appositive refers to a word or a noun that is followed by another phrase or noun which identifies or rename the noun or word. In other words, it refers to the literary device which appears after or before a noun phrase or noun, used with a comma.
4. (Talking) is not allowed in class- Gerund
Gerund in a sentence functions as a noun. Hence in a sentence, a gerund will act as direct objects, subjects, subject complements, an object of prepositions or indirect objects. Every gerund ends in -ing, and so does present participles. On the other hand, present participles act as modifiers or complete progressive verbs.
Explanation:

This story made me feel sad 
However, the purpose of this story is to reveal the cruelty of our world and the protectors who help and protect children
The quote, "Nobody wants to be told what they're doing is wrong" is true. Sometimes, we never accept when we're wrong.
"and you see the terror" represents that nobody cared until something had to happen.
I'm sorry I couldn't get much from these quotes. This topic is a bit tough for me sometimes and I'm just doing my best to help.
Answer:
Hello There!!
Explanation:
I believe the answer is is the last one. ↬It then eats its own eggshell before starting to eat and grow.
hope this helps,have a great day!!
~Pinky~
Answer:
C. to draw the officers' attention to the noise,"
Explanation:
Answer:
She is best known for her first novel
Explanation:
She is best known for her first novel, The House on Mango Street (1983), and her subsequent short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991)