They were being forced to pay the church with goods and they were being made to do manual labor, while often times being physically abused.
The correct answer is A.) an export of Western culture.
It is not the most popular one because the most popular ones are the free market and famous brands as well as music and movies and things like that. It is not the economic basis for it because there are western countries that fully democratic and yet have more socialist tendencies when it comes to economy so the two are not as related. It is not accepted into the Middle east, or at least not in all countries.