Http://www.theday.com/article/20120628/NWS01/307019996
In the novel Nectar in a Sieve by Kamala Markandaya, water is a symbol that moves and ends all other symbols. Water through the rain affects the yields of the rice, also, it can come in the form of monsoon to come unexpectedly and also to go, and never can say with certainty when the rain will come and go on a daily basis. Water as a symbol fits perfectly into the type of Hindu religion, which has cyclicality, a circular flow between life and death. The water is present when Nathan dies, the rain that floods the flames on the temple, reminds that no force can resist inevitable death. Also, water is compared with a woman, if nature is dry, it is like a infertile woman, if too immoral is used, then nature is too "mature", so water must be used moderately, or there are dangerous consequences. The relationship between woman and water is also given through the river, it gives life in a moderate form, because the fields are more fertile and have a high yield, but also take life in unhealthy spills and floods. So water can mean an ascent or a fall if it is not used moderately, too much or too little use is not good. Thus, water symbolizes fertility or infertility, life or death, just as the point of the Hindu religion is the circulation of life and death.
During the Middle Ages, almost all philosophers used to write in Latin- the language of educated and elite class while as Dante wrote his best poem Divine Comedy in vernacular, Italian language-the language of common people.
Dante's decision to write in Italian had a long lasting impact on Italian language. It paved the way for Italian to emerge as a language respect across the European landscape. There were more innovations in this language and more and more people began to write in Italian and ultimately Italian became a cultured and literary language. It is due to the impact of his writing in Italian, he is being called father of modern Italian language.
According some authors which discuss this theme there were some factors as:
1) At the middle of 1850 the Chinese were still under British rule and the conditions were very difficult.
2) The devastation of southern Chinese by the taiping rebellion. This destroyed the rural economy and killed more than twenty millions people.
3) The gold was discovered in California in 1848. It produced a big immigrations at the final of century 17th.
