Answer:
The Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws
After the United States Civil War, state governments that had been part of the Confederacy tried to limit the voting rights of black citizens and prevent contact between black and white citizens in public places.
Colored Water Fountain
The effort to protect the rights of blacks under Reconstruction was largely crushed by a series of oppressive laws and tactics called Jim Crow and the black codes. Here, an African-American man drinks from a water fountain marked "colored" at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1939.
Black codes and Jim Crow laws were laws passed at different periods in the southern United States to enforce racial segregation and curtail the power of black voters.
After the Civil War ended in 1865, some states passed black codes that severely limited the rights of black people, many of whom had been enslaved. These codes limited what jobs African Americans could hold, and their ability to leave a job once hired. Some states also restricted the kind of property black people could own. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 weakened the effect of the black codes by requiring all states to uphold equal protection under the 14th Amendment, particularly by enabling black men to vote. (U.S. law prevented women of any race from voting in federal elections until 1920.)
During Reconstruction, many black men participated in politics by voting and by holding office. Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, and southern states then enacted more discriminatory laws. Efforts to enforce white supremacy by legislation increased, and African Americans tried to assert their rights through legal challenges. However, this effort led to a disappointing result in 1896, when the Supreme Court ruled, in Plessy v. Ferguson, that so-called “separate but equal” facilities—including public transport and schools—were constitutional. From this time until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, discrimination and segregation were legal and enforceable.
One of the first reactions against Reconstruction was to deprive African-American men of their voting rights. While the 14th and 15th Amendments prevented state legislatures from directly making it illegal to vote, they devised a number of indirect measures to disenfranchise black men. The grandfather clause said that a man could only vote if his ancestor had been a voter before 1867—but the ancestors of most African-Americans citizens had been enslaved and constitutionally ineligible to vote. Another discriminatory tactic was the literacy test, applied by a white county clerk. These clerks gave black voters extremely difficult legal documents to read as a test, while white men received an easy text. Finally, in many places, white local government officials simply prevented potential voters from registering. By 1940, the percentage of eligible African-American voters registered in the South was only three percent. As evidence of the decline, during Reconstruction, the percentage of African-American voting-age men registered to vote was more than 90 percent.
Zelda Sayre (Fitzgerald)American novelist; iconic figure in the 1920s; first famous flapper (per her husband's accord)Coco Chanel First designer to make pants for women. popularized boyish style for women. Forefront of France fashion after WWI. Thanks to her, tans suddenly became associated with the leisure activities of the rich and famous such as long cruises, island vacations, and other sunny pursuits.Charles LindberghKnown as "Lucky Lindy" and "The Lone Eagle," was an American pilot famous for the first solo, non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis. In the ensuing deluge of notoriety, he became the world's best-known aviator.Al CaponeA leader of organized crime in Chicago in the late 1920s, involved in gambling, the illegal sale of alcohol, and prostitution. He was sent to prison in the 1930s for income tax evasion.Babe RuthThe greatest baseball player of the 1920's. He set a record for hitting 60 home runs in one season.Albert EinsteinGerman born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and his theory of energy equivalence. Received Nobel Prize in 1921 for physics.Duke EllingtonBorn in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.Bessie SmithSometimes referred to as The Empress of the Blues, she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s.Along with Louis Armstrong, she had a major influence on subsequent jazz vocalists.Woodrow Wilson28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize.Nicola SaccoUnited States anarchist (born in Italy) who with Bartolomeo Vanzetti was convicted of murder and in spite of world-wide protest was executed (1891-1927). Was said to have robbed a shoe factory and murder a clerk and another worker.Marcus GarveyAfrican American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.Warren G. HardingSenator from Ohio chosen by the Republicans to be a candidate after WW1, The teapot dome scandal in which his staff members took bribes in exchange for oil land leases. in the 1920 presidential campaign his slogan was "return to normalcy"Calvin CoolidgeBecame president when Harding died. Tried to clean up scandals by Harding. Business prospered and people's wealth increased. 1923-1929Herbert HooverHe became the President in 1928, a man from Iowa, that promised to keep government intervention out of the nation's current economic problems.Henry FordAmerican businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.George Washington CarverAfrican American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts; taught and researched at the Tuskegee InstituteDavid SarnoffRussian immigrant and pioneer who developed NBC. Had a vision of a "radio music box" for home use that might also pick up the news. Head of RCA.Jeanette RankinFirst woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.Margret SangerAmerican leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.Alice Paulhead of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.Langston HughesAfrican American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.Georgia O'KeefeChiefly known for paintings in which she synthesized abstraction and representation in paintings of flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes. Her paintings present crisply contoured forms that are replete with subtle tonal transitions of varying colors. She often transformed her subject matter into powerful abstract images.
<span>
</span>
The weight it either has on the inside or outside it all depends
