For earthquakes, there is a lapsed time between the arrival of the
p-wave and the s-wave, because the waves travel at different speeds. The length
of this period of time determine the
distance to the epicenter.
Earthquakes create seismic waves. P waves are faster than S
waves. As the P and S waves move out from an earthquake, the P waves get ahead
of the S waves. The distance of a seismic station from an earthquake can be
determined from the time difference between the time of arrival of the first P
wave and the first S wave.
If the temperatures are increasing in a mountainous region, in order to be sure in that, the evidence can simply be obtained by the vegetation. The mountains tend to be warmer at the lower parts, and as the elevation increases, the temperature decreases. If it is a higher mountain, then we will see that there is certain type of vegetation in the lower parts, above it a belt of another vegetation type, above that one there's usually a belt of grasses, and the highest parts are usually with little to no vegetation. If the temperature increases though, then the vegetation from the bottom will start moving upwards, occupying larger portion, the second layer will move upwards as well, and the grasses will come around the top part of the mountain, with the barren part disappearing from the scene.
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Below are the choices. the answer is C.
A) mass extinctions, leading to bottleneck effect
B) major evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to nearby continents
C) a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
<span>D) adaptive radiation, leading to founder effect</span>
