The mandate of heaven is the thing that Chinese emperors claim was given to them by their deities. A ruler earns it from the previous emperor when he retires, or when he dies. It could be lost when another dynasty takes over and takes the mandate of heaven.
The English turned down the plan because they feared that it would giver more power to the colonies. The colonies disliked it because they felt skeptical about central taxing.
Fairly primitive compared to what he and the others had brought as they had brought guns and the Taínos brought clubs and bows and arrows
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The people in early farming communities able to do various kinds of work to i<span>mproved farming techniques resulted in food surpluses.</span>