The walls of veins have the same three layers as the arteries. Although all the layers are present, there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue. This makes the walls of veins thinner than those of arteries, which is related to the fact that blood in the veins has less pressure than in the arteries. Hope this helps. Have a nice day.
Answer:
A geneticist has devised a strategy to study protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in yeast cells. She is interested in two different signal sequences that are thought to operate via slightly different translocation mechanisms. Using genetic engineering, she has fused the first signal sequence to a protein whose cytosolic expression is absolutely necessary for cell survival in the selective medium, but is inactive when in the ER. In the same cell, she has also fused the second signal sequence to a toxic protein whose cytosolic expression leads to cell lysis but is harmless when in the ER. Whereas wild-type cells undergo lysis upon the expression of these fusion proteins, she has been able to identify viable mutants, each of which has a loss-of-function mutation in a gene encoding a protein involved in membrane translocation. The products of these genes are probably ...
Explanation:
Involved in the transport of proteins with the first signal sequence but not the second one.
Answer: The energy rich substance is <u>Sugar</u>
Explanation:
This stored energy is in the form of Sugar.
Once fertilized, the ovum is referred to as a zygote, a single diploid cell. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of a multicellular embryo. The formation of the male and female gametes (sex cells) through meiosis makes fertilization possible. The ovum, the female gamete, is relatively large (approximately 0.1 mm across in humans) and contains a cytoplasm rich with organelles and substances to be used during development. The Development of viable offspring requires the successful union of ovum and sperm, both of which are haploid (contain half the number of somatic chromosomes), to form a diploid cell. In many mammals, the sperm is required to break through a translucent, elastic coating of the ovum, known as the zona pellucida, before fertilization can take place.
Hello! Cellular respiration can be confusing in textbooks and in general, so I've explained it in my own words the best I can to simplify it. :)
To start off, all of these processes are part of cellular respiration, which is a process cells use to extract energy from food and convert it to ATP, or energy.
Glucose + Oxygen <span>→ Water + Energy (ATP)
Here are the steps of cellular respiration:
1. Glycolysis- This process occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. This process also produces four molecules of ATP, however, two molecules of the ATP are used in glycolysis, which means there is a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
In short: Glycolysis= 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid/pyruvate, and also produces produces 2 ATP
Pyruvic acid is necessary to the next step of cellular respiration, which is the Krebs cycle.
2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)- This process takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria of the cell. Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A before it enters the cycle. During the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl co-A, carbon dioxide is produced. Two rounds of this cycle occurs per glucose molecule.
In short: Krebs= Pyruvate + coenzyme A = acetyl coA, releases CO2 during this process, 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH.
3. Electron Transport Chain- This process creates a concentration gradient between protons, creating energy during chemiosmosis. This process produces 34 ATP molecules.
I hope this helps, and let me know if you have any questions! ^-^</span>
