Answer: Social contract has several crucial caracteristics: 1) emerge when the religious justification or interpretation of social order is exhausted/in crisis (Europe 17th century), consequently it is of profane or secular character 2) social contract theory is derived (always) from certain concept of human nature (Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau)....for ex. in Hobbes "homo homini lupus" (human nature) requires absolute monarchy, 3) supposes that social institutions or organization of these institutions determine the quality of social order, 4) society is compared to a machine (mechanistic metaphor of society).
Explanation: psychologically speaking, in 17th and 18th century or in 19th century (Marx) there is still no concept of unconscious and unconscious aspect of human nature. When concept of "unconscious" appears, things will change significantly because discovery of unconscious point at irrational aspect of human nature. In contrast to Enlightenment, after Freud there is not so strong convinction about rational basis of human nature/society.
The Gothic element there is the horror that ensues after he hears the tapping. The character is alone during a spooky, dreary night, nobody found anywhere, and suddenly there is a mysterious tapping by someone, and it turns out that no-one tapped, which means either madness or ghosts, that are either way both elements of Gothic writing.
Answer:
The pre-Socratic thinkers made the transition from myth to reason because unlike the earlier pre- Socratics they tried to find natural and rational explanations for the phenomena that they would see around them instead of the mythological reasoning.
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