The Societal Reaction Approach is also known as the Labeling Theory, as they are two names, that is terms, used to denote why some people are seen as deviants while other people are not. That is, this shows us that it is not behavior that determines deviance but the response to the act.
A modern scholarly article, the first three are primary sources (Text or items from the time period being investigated) and the last one is a secondary source which was written by someone investigating that time period, therefor it is not an artifact
