Hardening is the technique of reducing security exposure and tightening security controls of software and network devices.
Security is a major concern, when connecting over a network. Through hardening, security of a network is protected from vulnerable activities. Hardening reduces exposures associated with security and provides tight controls for it.
Hardening is typically a collection of tools and techniques that are used to decrease vulnerability in computer software, applications, network devices and infrastructure. The main goal of hardening is to protect security by identifying and eliminating superfluous programs, applications, permissions and access, which in turn, reduces the chances that attackers and malware will gain access over the network ecosystem.
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A trademark is an easily recognizable symbol, phrase, or word that denotes a specific product. It legally differentiates a product or service from all others of its kind and recognizes the source company's ownership of the brand.
"Copyright" literally means the right to copy but has come to mean that body of exclusive rights granted by law to copyright owners for protection of their work. Copyright protection does not extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, title, principle, or discovery.
Fair use is a doctrine in United States law that permits limited use of copyrighted material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder.
Answer:
This is the complete correct program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<unistd.h>
int value = 128;
int main()
{
pid_t pid;
pid=fork();
if (pid==0) /* child process */
{
value +=8;
return 0; }
else if (pid > 0) {/* parent process */
wait (NULL);
printf ("PARENT: value =%d\n" ,value); /* LINEA */
return 0;
}
}
The output of the LINE A is:
PARENT: value = 128
Explanation:
The fork() function used in the program creates a new process and this process is the child process. The child process is same as the original process having its own address space or memory.
In the child process the value of pid is 0. So the if condition checks if pid==0. Then the child process adds 8 to the value of its variable according to the following statement
value +=8;
Now the original process has value = 128. In else if part the parents process has the value of pid greater than zero and this portion of the program is of the parent process :
else if (pid > 0)
{ wait (NULL);
printf ("PARENT: value =%d\n" ,value);
return 0; }
So the value 128 is printed at the end in the output.
wait(NULL) is used to wait for the child process to terminate so the parent process waits untill child process completes.
So the conclusion is that even if the value of the variable pid is changed in the child process but it will not affect the value in the variable of the parent process.
Computer Instructions
ROM, or Read Only Memory is used to store instructions as it retains memory even after power loss.
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