For continental U.S. the answer is never. Since the earth's rotation axis is tilted 23.5 degrees with respect to its orbital motion around the su, one would have to be less than 23.5 degrees above or below the equator to have the sun pass direclty overhead
To figure out just where that earthquake happened, you need to look at
your seismogram and you need to know what at least two other
seismographs recorded for the same earthquake. You will also need a map
of the world, a ruler, a pencil, and a compass for drawing circles on
the map.
If you look at the sky at different times on the same night,
or at the same time on different nights, you'll see either
the same constellations in different places, or different
constellations completely.
To me all of the questions except the last one is right
