The first encounter between Francisco Pizarro and his advancing Spanish army and the Inca ruler Atahuallpa took place in Cajamarca, and Jared Diamond addresses it in Guns, Germs, and Steel.
According to Diamonds, the Europeans were the first to have firearms, germs, and steel due to their geographic location and historical background, allowing them to conquer other less advanced civilizations.
The element of surprise was on the side of the Spanish. The Incas had no reason to believe the Spanish would be so treasonous. The Native Americans had no defense against the Spanish's use of European-style weapons like firearms.
The Spaniards start off by ambushing the Incas, discharging their weapons, and emerging on horseback from hiding. The conquistadors attacked the Incas with their swords as they rode because they were trembling and looking rather than holding their ground.
If the Incas had stood their ground against the cavalry, they might have defeated them by sheer numbers if they had more knowledge of this kind of combat.
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