Some of the strengths concerning Erikson’s work involve his eight stages. Erikson along with several other researchers found that his eight stages serve as a guide that holds across time and cultures as well. While other theorists refer to the ongoing approach of development as phases or transitions, Erikson was not afraid to characterize development as visibly marked stages. Erikson’s eight stages serve as an outline when it comes to defining our culture or even comparing it to a culture that had existed a few centuries ago. Most experimental studies based on Erikson’s work grip around his efforts to ascertain identity, but also around his outlook on adolescence. The Eriksonian theory is used based on the fact that it has been defined as well-equipped to resolve the crisis of early adulthood, this can be successfully reached once the crisis of adolescence has been resolved.
Some of the weaknesses regarding Erikson’s work also involve his eight stages. If we accept his personal understandings of what each stage stands for, then everything will be ok. What needs to be mentioned is that sometimes in different cultures the timing can be rather off when being compared to the eight stages. A quick example would be potty training. In some cultures babies are potty trained by the time that they are nine months of age. In other cultures a few years pass until they begin the potty training and are even breast fed up until the age of five. Another example is that some cultures people marry as early as the age of thirteen and start having children shortly after that. Today, in our culture we have the tendency to hold off on marriage until around the age of thirty. Another topic that has been pointed out by many theorists is that Erikson’s theory is more applicable to boys than it is for girls. This can be linked back to the fact that he agreed with Freud’s belief that personality differences between boys and girls are biologically based, which originate in the possession or lack of a penis (penis envy). Another controversial aspect refer’s to Erikson’s work belief on identity formation. Something that Erikson did not realize at the time was that more attention should have been paid to the adult lifetime. Erikson’s work had a tendency to pay more attention to infancy and childhood, despite the so-called claim that his eight stages are an entire-life span theory.
Answer:
sub meaning below
Explanation:
a submarine is below the water
The importance of remittances
The increasing attention paid to the question of migrant remittances comes from the realisation of the important role they play in poverty alleviation and, circumstances permitting, economic development more broadly. The former is most obvious in the way the circumstances of individuals are directly transformed; the latter operates via a collective response much dependent on the existence of institutions that can leverage remittances to create true ‘development finance’.
Individual poverty alleviation
Remittance payments directly alleviate the poverty of the individuals and households to whom they are sent. Forming a relatively stable source of income independent of the (often dire) local economy of recipient families, remittances offer a lifeline to millions in the most vulnerable groups across the developing world. Moreover—and unlike other financial flows to developing countries that stream through government agencies and non-governmental organisations (NGOs)—remittance payments are targeted precisely to the needs and desires of their receivers. It is not aid agencies or governments that decide when, where or why remittance incomes are spent, but the recipients themselves.
As with other ‘novel’ devices of promise in the field of economic development (micro-finance and civil-society promotion being other examples), relatively little in the way of empirical work has been undertaken on the impact of remittances on poverty alleviation. The empirical work that has been done, however, supports the positive picture painted above and in the countless anecdotes that dominate the literature. For instance, a 71-country study undertaken by Adams and Page (2005:1646) concluded that remittances ‘reduce the level, depth, and severity of poverty’ of receivers and their communities. Likewise, Ratha (2005) found that remittance flows lowered the proportion of people living in absolute poverty in Uganda, Bangladesh and Ghana by 11, 6 and 5 per cent, respectively. Gupta et al. (2007) find that a 10 per cent increase in a country’s remittances-to-GDP ratio corresponds with a fall in the percentage of people living on less than $US1 a day of just more than 1 per cent. The World Bank (2003), the OECD’s Financial Action Task Force (2005) and Spatafora (2005) also find reductions in absolute poverty among remittance receivers. Meanwhile, studies such as López-Córdova (2005) and Hildebrandt and McKenzie (2005) find positive associations between remittances and poverty-reduction ‘proxies’ such as lower infant mortality and higher birth rates.[1]
The ways in which remittances alleviate the poverty of individuals are, in the ‘first round’ of effects, direct and fairly obvious. They include the following.
‘Survivalist’ income supplementation. For many recipients, remittances provide food security, shelter, clothing and other basic needs.
Consumption ‘smoothing’. Many recipients of remittances, especially in rural areas, have highly variable incomes. Remittances allow better matching of incomes and spending, the misalignment of which otherwise threatens survival and/or the taking on of debt.
Education. In many developing countries, education is expensive at all levels, whatever the formal commitments of the State. Remittances can allow for the payment of school fees and can provide the wherewithal for children to attend school rather than working for family survival.[2]
Housing. The use of remittances for the construction, upgrading and repair of houses is prominent in many widely different circumstances.
Health. Remittances can be employed to access preventive and ameliorative health care. As with education, affordable health care is often unavailable in many remittance-recipient countries.
Debt. Being in thrall to moneylenders is an all-too-common experience for many in the developing world. Remittances provide for the repayment of debts and for the means to avoid the taking on of debt by providing alternative income and asset streams.
Social spending. Day-to-day needs include various ‘social’ expenditures that are culturally unavoidable. Remittances can be employed to meet marriage expenses and religious obligations and, less happily but even more unavoidable, funeral and related costs.
Consumer goods. Remittances allow for the purchase of consumer goods, from the most humble and labour saving, to those that entertain and make for a richer life.
http://www.fao.org/3/ak405e/ak405e.pdf
Answer:
not absolute truths, but rather one way of seeing the world.
Explanation:
Postformal thought is term that describes the tendency of individuals to be analytical, more flexible, and readily open to accept moral and intellectual intricacies, and rationalistic than previous stages in development.
Thus, postformal thinking is considered to be more realistic on the basis that, very few positions, ideas, situations, or people are completely right or wrong.
For example, people who were considered angels or devils by the neighbors later shown to be just people with strengths and weaknesses, endearing qualities, and faults to those not in the neighborhood.
Hence, an emerging adult who makes significant gains in postformal thinking is more likely to operate from the core belief that her beliefs are: "not absolute truths, but rather one way of seeing the world."
Many items are made out of silk such as shirts, dresses, ties blouses, robes, gun powder bags, and pajamas.
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