Answer:
10a: Queen Elizabeth II
b: the prime minister
11:Governors general and lieutenant governors are considered representatives of, and therefore subordinate to, the head of state as opposed to being subordinate to the head of government, who in Canada is the prime minister.
Explanation: The queen of the United Kingdom—Queen Elizabeth II, as of July 2018—is the head of state in Canada by virtue of Canada's former status as a colony of Great Britain. Before her, the Canadian head of state was her father, King George VI. The queen's powers as head of state are exercised on her behalf by the governor-general of Canada, except when the queen is in Canada. The governor-general, like the queen, remains outside of politics because the role of head of state in Canada is largely ceremonial
In contrast to the head of state in a presidential system such as that of the United States, the queen of Canada is considered the personification of the state rather than having an active political role. Technically speaking, the queen doesn’t “do” as much as she "is." She serves a mostly symbolic purpose, remaining neutral on political matters.
As outlined by the Canadian Constitution, the governor-general, working on behalf of the queen, has a variety of important responsibilities, from signing all bills into law, to calling elections, to inaugurating the elected prime minister and his or her cabinet. In reality, the governor-general performs these duties symbolically, generally giving a royal assent to every law, appointment, and proposal of the prime minister.
The Canadian head of state does, however, hold constitutional powers known as emergency "reserve powers," which separate the head of state and the head of government to ensure the proper functioning of Canada's parliamentary government. In practice, these powers are very rarely exercised.
