The identification, description, and interpretation of background information related to the subject matter of a work of art is known as iconography.
A iconographic symbol is a word or expression that means something else than its literal meaning. For example, in its literal meaning, a dove is a bird; however, its symbolism is that it represents purity and freedom.Art historians call the subject matter of images iconography. Iconographic analysis is the interpretation of its meaning. In many cases, such as an image of the crucified Christ or seated Buddha, identifying the subject presents few problems.
If you want to know what a symbol means, then you need to see what feelings it evokes in you (sad, happy, angry, etc.), the images that are related to it and might help you understand the symbol further, and to check whether or not there is a symbol at all apart from the literal meaning of the word.
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