The Siege of Vicksburg was important to the Union troops because they were able to take control of the Mississippi River. This allowed the Union troops to cut the Confederacy in half and allowed the Union to cut of supplies/resources to Confederate states.
The Battle of Gettysburg was an important Union win because this was the last time in the Civil War that the Confederate troops truly invaded the North. After this battle they did not invade any state north of Pennsylvania.
Carolina faced violent rebellion, attack from the Spanish, war with Indians, hurricanes, dropouts, and pirates.
Historiography is the study of the methods and individuals who have written or developed history as an academic field. Essentially the history of how our historical knowledge was constructed or written.