Question

is the igneous layer more likely a lava flow that was laid down at the surface prior to deposition of the layers above it or a sill that intruded after all the sedimentary layers were deposited? explain. is it likely that the igneous layer will exhibit vesicular texture? explain. to which group (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) does the light-colored rock belong? relate your explanation to the rock cycle.

Answer 1

The igneous layer is layers of rock formed from the cooling of magma that rises to the earth's surface and forms a vesicular texture due to gas trapped in the melt during solidification also formed as small crystal. Then the light-colored rock with a vesicular texture belongs to igneous rock, such as pumice.

What is the meaning of igneous rock?

Igneous rock can be defined as follows:

• the rock that is formed when magma rises then it experiences cooling and hardening below the earth's surface (intrusive igneous rock)  
• the rock that is formed when magma rises then it experiences cooling and hardening above the earth's surface when an eruption occurs (extrusive igneous rock).
• Intrusive igneous rocks harden more slowly to form large crystals.
• Extrusive igneous rocks harden more quickly to form small crystals.
• The texture of extrusive igneous rocks is vesicular because the gas is trapped and the gas has not had time to be released because the magma hardens too quickly.

How is the process of formation of igneous rocks related to the rock cycle?

The process of formation of igneous rocks related to the rock cycle can be explained as follows:

1. It starts with magma rising but does not reach the surface of the earth and remains hardened on the surface of the earth due to lower temperatures than in the magma chamber and forms intrusive igneous rocks. Meanwhile, magma that reaches the earth's surface during an eruption hardens very quickly and forms extrusive igneous rocks
2. It experience weathering due to weather, hydrosphere, and biosphere factors afterwards.
3. The weathering results are then dragged by the water until they reach the ocean by rivers and undergo sedimentation, namely deposition which then forms layers of sedimentary rock.
4. This layer of sedimentary rock is then gradually buried deep on the earth's surface and becomes metamorphic rock
5. Next, metamorphic rock deep below the earth's surface is exposed to hot temperatures
6. After being exposed to hot temperatures, it returns to become magma in which the cycle will continue to rotate for a long time.

In conclusion, igneous rock is the result of magma freezing that rises to the surface of the earth and forms a vesicular texture, especially for extrusive igneous rocks. The following cycle will continue to rotate, starting from the formation of igneous rocks then turning into sedimentary rocks, metamorphic, then it melt into magma until it returns to reforming igneous rocks and so on.

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