Trypanosoma and Plasmodium have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins
Antigenic variation in P. falciparum is driven by PfEMP1/var. The other gene families' members, rif, stevor, and surfin, which encode the proteins RIFINS, STEVOR, and SURFIN, respectively, go through clonal variation, which makes them useful in evading the host immune response.
By frequently changing the thick layer of variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) on the cell surface, Trypanosoma brucei parasites successfully escape the host immune system. The monoallelic expression of VSGs is strictly regulated in each parasite. On the trypomastigotes, the VSG proteins (60 kDa) produce a surface coating that is 12–15 nm thick. Through significant antigenic diversity, the VSGs allow the trypomastigotes to sidestep the immune system of the mammalian host.
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Answer:
0.01%
Explanation:
According to the ten percent rule of energy transfer, whenever energy is transferred from one trophic level to a higher trophic level only 10% of total energy available at the lower level gets transferred to a higher one.
Therefore, when the energy is transferred along with the food chain:
grass → grasshopper → mouse → snake → hawk, from grass to hawk there is a loss of 10% of energy at each level.
<em>Therefore, the hawk only gets 0.01% of the energy from the grass.</em>
Plants that encourage the proliferation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are legumes.
Answer: bryophytes
Mosses belongs to the division of Bryophytes. These are small plants that are flowerless. They typically grows in mats. They often grow in damp and shady locations. The plants exhibit simple leaves that are only one cell thick, that are attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and performs very little role in conduction of water and minerals.
Answer:
not all plants can survive the cold
Explanation:
theres types of plants that only blooms during the winter and theres plants that needs to be protected during winter by covering it with something