Answer:
1664
Explanation:
The Dutch first settled along the Hudson River in 1624; two years later they established the colony of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. In 1664, the English took control of the area and renamed it New York.
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You didn't provide us the text excerpt for your question, so let me simply provide some details concerning the Catholic Reformation.
The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation in a number of ways intended to strengthen its own stance and its hold on church power. This movement by the Catholic Church is known as the Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation. It included a number of features, such as:
- The formation of religious orders that aimed to build allegiance to Rome and the papacy, and to educate people in Catholic teaching. The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits for short, was a key order of this sort. The order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, along with Francis Xavier and several others.
- The Council of Trent served to reform some abuses that were acknowledged by the Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences and the practice of selling church offices (simony). The council also aimed to improve priests' knowledge. The <em>Roman Catechism</em>, also known as the <em>Catechism of the Council of Trent</em>, was commissioned by the Council and was published in 1566, with the intent of thoroughly educating the church's clergy.
- Beyond the reforms noted concerning the Council of Trent, mostly that Council served to reassert the full authority of Roman power and doctrine over the Protestant threat. The Council of Trent held meetings over a span of years from 1545 to 1563.
- The Roman Inquisition was founded in 1542 to act as an investigative body in regard to threats to Rome's teachings. About a century later, Galileo would be one of the most famous persons tried by the Roman Inquisition.
George Creel headed the Committee on Public Information
during the time the U.S. joined the First World War. They used every method
within their disposal to convince Americans to support the war effort. They used printing posters, radio programs
and even the movies to convince public opinion that it was necessary for
America to take part in the war.
Original Jurisdiction: This is when a court is first hearing a case. This court is then said to have original jurisdiction.
Appellate Jurisdiction: This is when a case has been appealed (the original decision questioned) and another court hears the case.
