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In the late 1950s and early 1960s conservatives were widely dismissed as "kooks" and "crackpots" with no hope of winning political power. In 1950 the literary critic Lionel Trilling spoke for a generation of scholars and journalists when he wrote that "in the United States at this time liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition.... It is the plain fact [that] there are no conservative or reactionary ideas in general circulation" but only "irritable mental gestures which seem to resemble ideas." The historian Richard Hofstadter echoed Trilling's assessment, arguing that the right was not a serious, long-term political movement but rather a transitory phenomenon led by irrational, paranoid people who were angry at the changes taking place in America.
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Answer:
The cultures of Mesopotamia are considered civilizations because their people: had written, had settled communities in the form of villages, planted their own food, had domesticated animals, and had different orders of workers.
Explanation:
I think it is the second one
Secularism is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church or other religious organisation. An example of this is the government, which is independent of any religion in many US states