While punishments for breaking rules/laws can be traced (in Western cultures back to the ancient Middle East (e.g., the Code of
Hammurabi, the Bible), origins of modern approaches to criminology are generally linked to the: a. Fall of the Roman Empire in 426 C. E.
b. Enlightenment of the late eighteenth century.
c. Reformation of the 1500s/1600s.
d. Early Medieval period of the fifth to tenth centuries.
Criminology is the science that applies methods and techniques of scientific research to study sensitive material related to crimes to determine how it happened and the possible intervention of one or more subjects. Modern criminology was born during the Enlightenment Era in Europe. The Enlightenment was a cultural, intellectual, and philosophical movement that stressed the importance of the rational and scientific study of reality, using clear methods and techniques to get evidence to prove or refute the different hypothesis. This rationalism pervaded the entire society, and these values also permeated in the police forces and judicial courts. In France, one of the first detectives that used scientific methods to study different crimes was Eugène François Vidocq.
I think the answer is letter a. David Wilmot. It is because Wilmot was known as the instrument in establishing the Republican Party in Pennsylvania and a driving force in the formation of the Republican Party.
The Twentieth Amendment (Amendment XX) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3.
