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Fittoniya [83]
2 years ago
12

Name the four levels of structure of proteins and explain what each level is responsible for adding to the protein structure.

Biology
1 answer:
erik [133]2 years ago
3 0
Tertiary Structure<span> - refers to the comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide chain of a </span>protein<span>. There are several types of bonds and forces that hold a protein in its tertiary structure. </span>Hydrophobic interactions<span> greatly contribute to the folding and shaping of a protein. The "R" group of the amino acid is either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The amino acids with hydrophilic "R" groups will seek contact with their aqueous environment, while amino acids with hydrophobic "R" groups will seek to avoid water and position themselves towards the center of the protein. </span>Hydrogen bonding<span> in the polypeptide chain and between amino acid "R" groups helps to stabilize protein structure by holding the protein in the shape established by the hydrophobic interactions. Due to protein folding, </span>ionic bonding<span> can occur between the positively and negatively charged "R" groups that come in close contact with one another. Folding can also result in covalent bonding between the "R" groups of cysteine amino acids. This type of bonding forms what is called a </span>disulfide bridge<span>. </span>Primary Structure - describes the unique order in which amino acids are linked together to form a protein. Proteins are constructed from a set of 20 amino acids. <span>All amino acids have the alpha carbon bonded to a hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, and amino group. The </span>"R" group<span> varies among </span>amino acids<span> and determines the differences between these protein monomers. The amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by the information found in the cellular</span>genetic code<span>. The order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is unique and specific to a particular protein. Altering a single amino acid causes a </span>gene mutation, which most often results in a non-functioning protein.
<span>Secondary Structure - refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape. There are two types of secondary structures observed in proteins. One type is the alpha (α) helix structure. This structure resembles a coiled spring and is secured by hydrogen bonding in the polypeptide chain. The second type of secondary structure in proteins is the beta (β) pleated sheet. This structure appears to be folded or pleated and is held together by hydrogen bonding between polypeptide units of the folded chain that lie adjacent to one another.
</span><span>Quaternary Structure - refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide chain is referred to as a subunit. Proteins with quaternary structure may consist of more than one of the same type of protein subunit. They may also be composed of different subunits. Hemoglobin is an example of a protein with quaternary structure. Hemoglobin, found in the blood, is an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen molecules. It contains four subunits: two alpha subunits and two beta subunits.

I hope this helped you find the answer you were looking for!

</span>
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List the levels of organization from smallest to largest and give an example for each. cell….
Olin [163]
From smallest to largest. That will be
Cell; cheek cell
Tissue; hydra
Organ; heart
System; digestive system
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Tissue is a group of cells, an organ is a group of tissues, a system is a group of organs, an organism is a group of systems
Hope that helped. Have a nice day
5 0
3 years ago
Ferns use the starch-filled cells of this structure for storage.
Jlenok [28]
The vacuole i believe is the answer
5 0
3 years ago
Which form of cell division results in an enlarged germ cell pool?.
kenny6666 [7]

Mitosis form of cell division marks in an enlarged germ cell pool, Mitosis is a procedure where a single cell splits into two identical daughter cells (cell division).

<h3>What is mitosis and meiosis?</h3>

There are two kinds of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Most of the time when people refer to “cell division,” they mean mitosis, the procedure of making new body cells.

Meiosis is the kind of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a actual procedure for life.

Thus, Mitosis form of cell division marks in an enlarged germ cell pool, Mitosis is a procedure where a single cell divides into two same daughter cells.

To learn more about Mitosis click here:

brainly.com/question/26678449

#SPJ1

4 0
1 year ago
Which statement regarding the hypothalamus is FALSE?
Margarita [4]

Answer:

All the options are correct regarding hypothalamus.

Explanation:

The hypothalamus is the part of the forebrain. The diencephalon is divisible into 2 parts - thalamus and hypothalamus. It regulates various functions of the body.

This is the thermoregulatory center of the body. It gives the signal to sweat during a hot environment and shiver in winter. This maintains the water balance in the body by stimulating the secretion of ADH hormone in the kidney.

Hypothalamus also has regulated anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Thus it controls the endocrine secretion of pituitary glands.

This plays an important role in hunger and thirst. The feeding habits like the licking of lips, swallowing, and salivating by seeing delicious foods is due to hypothalamic activities.

The behavioral activities of individuals influenced by the hypothalamus.  It is worked along with the limbic system of the brain. The behavioral activities include fear, punishment and sexual desire.

6 0
3 years ago
The sole of a gecko's foot is covered with millions and millions of small, dry "hairs" that make direct contact with surfaces, a
tamaranim1 [39]

Answer: Van der Waals forces

Explanation:

Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces that depend on the distance between two particles. They are caused by correlations in the change in polarization between two nearby particles. To put it in other words, when a particle changes its polarization (becomes more positive on one end and more negative on the other), so does the adjacent particle, and the next one, and so on. This causes these particles to stick together weakly.

The tiny "hairs" increase the surface area of the gecko's feet in contact with the wall, which makes the bond stronger and allows it to support all of its weight.

Because experiments have shown that geckos stick well to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, we can assume there aren't any hydrogen bonds present.

Ionic bonds can't be present either because geckos wouldn't stick to electrically neutral surfaces, as these bonds require charged molecules.

6 0
3 years ago
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