A union of independent sovereign states is called a D) confederation. A common example today of a confederation is the European Union which is comprised of many independent European nations connected by the European Union body.
The people in those colonies created their own sets of laws to follow, they had town hall meetings where men could voice their opinions, and they learned how to provide for themselves.
Should be the second answer (b)
Portuguese control of the spice trade was ended by Muslim attacks from Delhi