luconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms.[2] In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. In ruminants, this tends to be a continuous process.[3] In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise. The process is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, effectively making the process exergonic. For example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously. Gluconeogenesis is often associated with ketosis. Gluconeogenesis is also a target of therapy for type 2 diabetes, such as the antidiabetic drug, metformin, which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake by cells.[4] In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc.[5]
Answer:
Ok... thanks for the points
Explanation:
Answer:
1. The difference between the normal hemoglobin protein DNA sequence and the sickle cell hemoglobin DNA sequence is a base to base shift, in this case adenine (GAG) to thymine (GTG).
2. The difference affects the amino acid sequence of the protein by replacing glutamic acid (Glu) with valine (Val).
Explanation:
In sickle cell anemia, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence is observed, where adenine is substituted by thymine, whose expression is the change in the amino acid sequence of globine β, incorporating valine instead of glutamic acid. This represents a molecular mutation - point mutation - by subtitution, which corresponds to missense mutation.
<u>Normal hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Lys Ser
<u>Sickle cell hemoglobin protein in a RBC</u>
DNA CTG ACT CCT <em>GTG</em> GAG AAG TCT
Amino acids Leu Thr Pro <em>Val</em> Glu Lys Ser
When GAG is transcribed to mRNA, the CUC codon is obtained, which codes for glutamic acid. Thymine substitution causes the DNA sequence to change to GTG, which is transcribed as CAC, the codon that encodes the amino acid valine. The <u>change from glutamic acid to valine in β-globin causes an altered hemoglobin, giving the abnormal erythrocytes observed in sickle cell disease</u>.
The seismic traces recorded at station A and station B indicate that station A is further from the earthquake epicenter than station B because the ground movement detected at B was greater than that detected at A, with seismic waves more frequent and less frequent respectively.
<h3>Seismograph</h3>
A seismograph is a device that detects ground movements, including those generated by seismic waves. It consists of the basic sensor of the seismographic instruments of which the seismograph and the seismoscope are part. These movements are then recorded in seismographs, which have been plotted graphs called seismographs.
<h3> Propagation speed</h3>
Seismic station A is located 5,400 kilometers from the earthquake's epicenter. How long would it take for the first S wave produced by this earthquake to reach seismic station A? The propagation speed of this type of waves varies with the medium in which they propagate, with typical values of
- 330 m/s in air
- 1 450 m/s in water
- and 5 000 m/s in granite.
They are not as destructive as S waves or the surface waves that follow them. The propagation speed of these waves is, in general, slightly less than twice that of S waves.
With this information, we can conclude the velocity of propagation of seismic waves and how a seismograph enumerates the distance from the epicenter of an earthquake.
Learn more about Earthquake in brainly.com/question/1296104
Answer and Explanation:
Scientific knowledge must always be focused on the search for facts and not essences, since they are the facts that manage to expose the functioning and composition of elements that are directly or indirectly interacting with human beings.
This is due to the fact that scientific knowledge is knowledge produced through tested and proven evidence, which is able to answer a question based on evidence, that is, the nature of scientific knowledge is the exposure of facts. Thus, we can affirm that, there is no scientific knowledge established in essences, because essences are subjunctive elements, impossible to be tested and proven.
