Answer: The five major mechanism of antimicrobial resistance include the following options except option b :
a) Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic.
c) Antibiotic efflux pumps the antibiotic out of the cell.
d) Altered target site, such that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target.
e) Microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
f) Decreased permeability to the antibiotic.
Explanation:
ANTIBIOTICS are drugs which are drugs or medications which are administered to either kill or stop the growth of an invading pathogenic bacteria that is causing infection in the body. This can be taken orally, topically or administered by a trained health care provider through injections.
When these medications are taken for a long period of time it may lead to the developer of various level of resistance by the bacteria. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE therefore occurs when there is overuse or abuse of antibiotics which gives bacteria the opportunity to develop resistance to the antibiotics and have better chances of survival.
The mechanism through which bacteria develop resistance includes:
--> Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic: There are enzymes on the surface of the bacteria that with time modifies to react with the antibiotic in such a way it won't affect the bacteria.
--> Antibiotic efflux pumps the antibiotic out of the cell: One of the types of efflux pumps include the RND (resistance - nodulation - division) which directly crosses the bacteria cell wall and allows direct pumping out of antibiotic drug.
--> Altered target site, such that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target
--> Microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
--> Decreased permeability to the antibiotic: Bacteria are also capable of modifying their outer membrane to decrease permeability of antibiotic especially at low doses.
