I think Axum had to isolate itself from the Islamic countries that surrounded it.
The Columbian Exchange lead to an increase in the demand for skilled labor in Europe, because D) an abundance of raw materials from the new world needed to be made into finished goods. Many raw materials and new products were brought over to Europe from the Americas which needed to be made into finished products.
congress has powers over lower federal courts in that it can define and redefine these courts mandates, and establish their jurisdiction or reexamine it. These powers are provided to congress by the constitution specifically in the exempting clause.
I believe you are correct. The answer is A) the 38th parallel.
Hope this can help.
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