James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay wrote the federalist papers. They argued about support to the United States constitution.
In the 19th century, there was an existing tutorial system made by Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell as a program for the school. Students who are achievers teach the low achievers to catch up with their classes. Although it was a good plan, poor monitoring was evident. Parents blame the school for not teaching Orthodox Christian religion, where submission is taught
America declares war on Japan, and since Britain is America's ally it declares war as well
1. For the first one here the missing part would be Supreme Court. Article II of the Constitution establishes a single Supreme Court. In the Constitution it says :"The Judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court". To power to interpret the laws lays within the Supreme Court and the inferior courts.
2. The power to create lower courts, that is "inferior" courts is vested to the Congress of the United States. As it says in Article III: " and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." The lower courts that the Congress establishes are inferior to the Supreme Court and thus are termed "inferior", the rulings of the Supreme Court apply to all lower courts.