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Millions of deaths took place in China during the Great Leap, with estimates ranging between 15 and 55 million, making the Great Chinese Famine the largest famine in human history.
Chief changes in the lives of rural Chinese people included the incremental introduction of mandatory agricultural collectivization. Private farming was prohibited, and those engaged in it were persecuted and labeled counter-revolutionaries. Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions and social pressure, although people also experienced forced labor.
Philip II conquered Portugal in 1580; Spain maintained Iberian unity from 1580 to 1640.
For an absolute monarch, Philip II has historically retained an excellent reputation among the Spanish people themselves.
Joining the Holy League, the Spanish during Philip's reign inflicted a major defeat on the Turks at Lepanto in October 1571, ending Turkish dominion over the Mediterranean
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Invasions by Barbarian tribes. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries, but by the 300s “barbarian” groups like the Goths had encroached beyond the Empire's borders
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Hyperconjugation is the stabilising interaction that results from the interaction of the electrons in a σ-bond (usually C-H or C-C) with an adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbital or a π-orbital to give an extended molecular orbital that increases the stability of the system.