Both internal and external factors are capable of regulating the cell cycle of a specific type of cell (Option a).
<h3>What is the cell cycle?</h3>
The cell cycle refers to the period of life of a cell from which it is generated until its division (cytokinesis).
The cell cycle of a cell is regulated by internal factors such as cyclins and kinases that phosphorylate specific proteins as well as external factors that trigger the cell division (e.g. temperature conditions).
In conclusion, both internal and external factors are capable of regulating the cell cycle of a specific type of cell (Option a).
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Stem cells arise from the inner mass of the cell
Signalling factors trigger differentiation in stem cells
Genes that lead to the production of undifferentiated blood cells are activated
Signalling factors cause undifferentiated blood cells to produce red blood cells
Explanation:
Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow. The precursor to the RBC is stem cell which is undifferentiated and pluripotent. The stem cell gets differentiated to form immature RBCs. Immature RBC then gets divided and becomes mature. Stem cell giving rise to RBC is called Haemoctytoblast. The process of erythropoiesis takes 2 days to form new red blood cells
The organism's cells are constrained by their varying shapes and sizes. Due to the need for surface area to exchange gases, the size distribution of the cell has been limited. Thus, option a is correct.
<h3>What is a cell?</h3>
The smallest unit of an organization that is essential for life is known as a cell. The different cells' varying sizes and shapes enable them to carry out various functions and activities.
The size distribution of the cell has been influenced by the cell's requirement for a cell surface area and volume in order for the exchange of gases to actually happen.
Therefore, option a. the cell size is influenced by surface area and gas exchange.
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Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
The answer is D. A mutation in sex cells. Sex cells are what affect offspring, so a mutation in the sex cell would most likely affect a person's offspring.
