Thomas Hobbes was an early modern philosopher who put forth the idea of a "social contract" -- that governments are formed by the will of the people. This was different than previous views which held that governments (kings) got their authority directly from God.
Hobbes published a famous work called<em> Leviathan</em> in 1651. The title "Leviathan" comes from a biblical word for a great and mighty beast. Hobbes believed government is formed by people for the sake of their personal security and stability in society. In Hobbes' view, once the people put a king (or other leader in power), then that leader needs to have supreme power (like a great and mighty beast). Hobbes' view of the natural state of human beings without a government held that people are too divided and too volatile as individuals -- everyone looking out for his own interests. So for security and stability, authority and the power of the law needs to be in the hands of a powerful ruler like a king or queen. And so people willingly enter a social contract in which they live under a government that provides stability and security for society.
Probably the most famous set of lines from Hobbes' Leviathan book describes what he saw as the natural state of human affairs without government -- one in which every individual had freedom, but that meant it was a situation of "war of all against all," or we might say, every man for himself. Hobbes wrote:
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<em>In such condition, there is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing, such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
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Answer:
It allowed humans to create permanent settlements with the hope of a stable food supply. When people learned about agriculture, they become able to know that they can also get their food without hunting or searching fruits here and there. Along with this, people understood that they could stay in one place with one another without having any tension of food. This thinking was the major turning point in the development of humans, their societies, and their settlements. I know agriculture allows us to easily get food now rather than having to hunt and gather it. It also allowed people to focus on things they wanted like religion, government, art, etc.
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Answer: C. Italy and Japan
