Portugal.
Portugal and Spain had divided the Western Hemisphere, Portugal controlling Brazil being one of the countries they had gained land of. Spain had parts of present day United States (Texas, California, etc).
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Delaware
was Pennsylvania
If the ruler behaves so will his people. If he's nice they will be nice
Answer:
I believe it is either a or b I am sorry if I am wrong
An innovative way was an improvised vaccination.
This consisted of smearing open cuts of healthy people with substances taken from wounds of sick people (for example sick from smallpox) in the hope that they will undergo a mild version of the disease and when the disease catches them, not die.
The risk was that they could get seriously ill, but the advantage was that on average, they had better survival chances than without this "vaccine"