A proton gradient is an important part of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration because couple the favorable flow of H+ to transport specific metabolites into and out of organelles.
<h3>What is the proton gradient?</h3>
The gradient is sometimes called the proton-motive and can be thought of as a form of energy, force and force in a battery. Like other ions, protons are not able to cross directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane, as the interior of the membrane is hydrophobic.
The proton gradient generated by this manipulation provided a driving force for ATP synthesis in the absence of light. This confirms the chemiosmotic theory, where a chemical potential across the membrane can provide energy for ATP synthesis.
The proton gradient produced by pumping protons during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP.
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Answer:
B. polio—polyhedral shape
Explanation:
A virus is a small parasite which cannot self reproduce. For a virus to produce more viruses, it uses the cell to duplicate itself. Viruses contain RNA or DNA as their genetic material.
Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genetic material and it is responsible for Polio. Polio leads to paralysis and is transmitted through contaminated water or food, or contact with an infected person.
The shape of Poliovirus is formed by polyhedral (many-sided) shell or capsid.
Answer:
a. they can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed
Explanation:
C4 plants are those that have the capacity to fix CO2 even when a tiny concentration of it is available.
Desert condition is characterized by dryness and strong heat with both condition capable of creating water stress in plant as a result of evapotranspiration. In order to reduce evapotranspiration rate, desert plants (most C4 plants) close their stomata during the day.
<em>Stomata closure limit the diffusion of CO2 into desert plants and the small concentration of CO2 that results is utilized by a special enzyme in the plants.</em>
The correct option is a.
The tropical rainforest is the biome that tends to get the most rainfall.
Answer:
Explanation:
A. False - A symporter system requires that one of the molecules to be transported using passive transport.
B. True - The Na+ will move down the established concentration gradient releasing energy to facilitate movement of sucrose against its concentration gradient. This is known as secondary active transport.
C. False - sucrose moves through ion channels not by diffusion to better control its movement across the membrane.
D. True - Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient thus requiring energy input is known as active transport.
E. False - One of the molecules needs to be moving against its concentration gradient.
F. False - A Uniporter system allows the binding and transport of a single molecule at a time. A symporter allows simultaneous binding and transport of Na+ and sucrose molecules.
