Archaeological evidence indicates that civilization emerged in the Indus Valley around 3300
BCE. Over two millenniums, the inhabitants of this northwestern region of the Indian
subcontinent developed into a prosperous civilization with a distinct cultural style. However,
around 1500 BCE, a new culture, the Aryans, entered India through the Khyber Pass, and
began integrating themselves into the social framework of the Indus Valley civilization.
The origin of the Aryan people is subject to continuous scholarly debate; however, two theories
prevail. Traditionally, it has been thought that the Aryans emerged in the Caucasus region and
migrated westward into Europe and eastward into India. Another theory, the Cultural Diffusion
Hypothesis, states that the Aryans originated in the Indus Valley.
The Aryans furnished civilization in the Indian subcontinent with many impressive cultural and
religious contributions and shaped Indian society for thousands of years with the creation of the
caste system.
Society
According to traditional theories, the Indian caste system has its origins in the advent of the
Aryans in the Indus Valley. Thus, this social stratification system was the product of the Aryan
people’s will to separate themselves from, and subjugate, the local populations.
Initially, this new society, which included Aryans and non-Aryans, was hierarchically divided into
four varnas (i.e. castes). In fact, these four original varnas could be better categorized in two
groups: Aryans and Non-Aryans. Nevertheless, the four varnas, from the top down, were: the
Brahmins—Aryans (priests, scholars, and philosophers); the Kshatriyas—Aryans (rulers and
warriors); the Vaishyas—Aryans (farmers, traders, merchants, and craftsmen); and the lowest
caste, the Shudras—non-Aryans (laborers, peasants, and servants for the other castes).
Each varna was divided into jatis (i.e. sub-castes), which identified the individual’s occupation
and imposed marriage restrictions. Marriage was only possible between members of the same
jati (or two that were very close).
Both varnas and jatis determined a person’s purity level. Members of higher varnas or jatis had
higher purity levels, and if contaminated (even by touch) by members of lower social groups,
they would have to undergo extensive cleansing rites.
Answer:
Franz Joseph was Emperor of Austria from 1848 and King of Hungary from 1867 until his death in 1916.
He ascended the throne in Austria since his uncle, Ferdinand I of Austria, abdicated as a result of the unrest in 1848. His father had already relinquished the right to the throne, after pressure from his wife, Sofia, who considered their son better suited.
World War I arose, among other causes, as a result of the internal instability of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The constant tension between the central power and the separatist minorities (Czechs, Serbs, Italians and Romanians) led to a multinational conflict within the Empire, which could not be less exploited by its external enemies. In addition, Franz Joseph allowed the military leaders led by Count Conrad von Hötzendorf (supporter of a preventive war with Serbia) to direct the imperial policy in a hostile and warmongering way towards the menacing Serbia, supported by Russia, which with its nationalist aspirations put the stability and unity of the Empire is in danger.
The hatred of Serbian separatists for the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina led to the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (nephew of Franz Joseph I and imperial heir) and his wife, Sofia von Chotek, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 at the hands of the young Serbian nationalist student Gavrilo Princip, a member of a nationalist group known as the Black Hand, who acted with impunity from Serbia with Russian funding.
Boston tea party members or Boston tea party<span />
Answer:
In President Theodore Roosevelt, the conservationists found a sympathetic ear and man of action. Conservation of the nation's resources, putting an end to wasteful uses of raw materials, and the reclamation of large areas of neglected land have been identified as some of the major achievements of the Roosevelt era.
Explanation:
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