We know this by dating the structures, evidence of life there long before anywhere else and by the Bible. You can also look into other sources of history too. There is a ton of info on Egypt provided by scrolls a old writing on stone tablets.
E is the answer. It is a hurricane which causes Droughts (temperature spikes), and floods.
The believe that the answer to the question asked above is that leaders responded by looking for more resources to be superior to others, even come to a point invading others for their wealth.
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No because everyone is biased based on who has power over them