Racism.......................
They are know as the citizens of the United States
He was considered a radical who wanted the monarchy overthrown and the people to take over the government
Focusing on the inner workings of the First Crusade in a way that no other work has done, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading delves into the Crusade's organization, its finances, and the division of authority and responsibility among its leaders and their relationships with one another and with their subordinates.
In the year 1095, Pope Urban II initiated what is known today as the First Crusade. His summons of the lay knights to the faith between 1095 and 1096 was Urban II's personal response to an appeal that had reached him from eastern Christians, the Pope referred to the struggle ahead as Christ's own war, to be fought in accordance with God's will and intentions. It was, too, called a war of liberation, designed to free the church and city of Jerusalem from oppression and pillage by the Muslims while liberating western Church from the errors into which it had fallen.
In this classic work, presented here with a new introduction, one of the world's most renowned crusade historians approaches this central topic of medieval history with freshness and impeccable research. Through the vivid presentation of a wide range of European chronicles and charter collections, Jonathan Riley-Smith provides a striking illumination of crusader motives and responses and a thoughtful analysis of the mechanisms that made this expedition successful.
By the end of the 15th century many things were changing in Europe. The <span>population </span>started to grow more quickly and a new class of merchants emerged. They wanted to buy and sell expensive and <span>valuable </span>products from Asia—like gold, <span>jewels </span>and silk.
In those days, people had no <span>refrigerators </span>to <span>preserve </span>their food. They dried meat and often used salt to make it last longer. To make food taste better they used spices , like pepper or cinnamon.
For centuries Europeans brought these goods on a land route from Asia over thousands of dangerous kilometres . In the 15th century the <span>overland </span>routes were being controlled by the Turkish Empire, which made it even more difficult for European <span>merchants </span>to pass through.
As a result, some European countries, like Spain and Portugal, decided to find out if there was a sea route to India. With the help of new kinds of ships that could sail faster and instruments , like the quadrant, they started the Age of Exploration.
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