In Ovid's "Metamorphoses", gods are responsible for altering the physical forms of earthly creatures. Ovid doesn't state it in the introductory lines, but the epic itself makes it clear that gods do it almost whimsically, of their own accord and for their own purposes. Kafka never says who transformed Gregor into a vermin. He even uses a passive construction: Gregor "found himself transformed in his bed into a horrible vermin". A faceless, nameless force seems to be responsible for this unexpected occurrence. Kafka makes it look almost absurd, as Gregor's world is all too real, so no gods or any supernatural force can be involved. However different the two works are, one thing is similar - people are completely powerless and helpless. All they can do is to suffer or annihilate themselves.
I believe it's 1. Formal language
Transitions help you establish logical connections between sentences.
Independent clause this is because they is the subject , know is the verb so simply is the adjective. all a sentence need to stand on its own is a noun and a verb :)your welcome