Answer: A user authentication
The process that determines how bits are represented on the medium is called encoding. It is the process of converting a certain data into a particular format that is required for a certain processing need like program execution, data transmission or file conversion.
When a computer restarts without a hardware power-down-power-up cycle, it is doing an update.
Kinda of both. The processor, memory, hard drive and displays are all standard components and are provided by a variety computer competent manufacturers (except for the processors which are all supplied by Intel). Yet - while many components are standard - NO, the core, hardware components, like logic boards (motherboard), video cards, and other specialty components (some display connectors and displays, for example) are propriety Apple designs.
