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The "Dark Ages" is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages (c. 5th–15th century) that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.The term employs traditional light-versus-darkness imagery to contrast the era's "darkness" (lack of records) with earlier and later periods of "light" (abundance of records). The concept of a "Dark Age" originated in the 1330s with the Italian scholar Petrarch, who regarded the post-Roman centuries as "dark" compared to the "light" of classical antiquity.The phrase "Dark Age" itself derives from the Latin saeculum obscurum, originally applied by Caesar Baronius in 1602 to a tumultuous period in the 10th and 11th centuries.The concept thus came to characterize the entire Middle Ages as a time of intellectual darkness between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance; this became especially popular during the 18th-century Age of Enlightenment. As the accomplishments of the era came to be better understood in the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars began restricting the "Dark Ages" appellation to the Early Middle Ages (c. 5th–10th century),and now scholars also reject its usage in this period.The majority of modern scholars avoid the term altogether due to its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate. Petrarch's pejorative meaning remains in use,typically in popular culture which often characteristics the Middle Ages as a time of violence and backwardness.
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The Rocket Technology
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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was the Father of Modern Astronautics who in 1898 first proposed the idea of space exploration by rocket. In his first report he suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to attain a higher range. Early in the 20th century, Robert H. Goddard an American published a pamphlet attaining higher altitudes in rockets with a mathematical model called the meteorological sounding rocket.
The correct answer to this open question is the following.
The changes to Chinese administration and bureaucracy that Song rulers introduced were the following.
The Song dynasty produced changes in ancient China. Its leaders were committed to work and develop notorious advancements such as the use of the compass for exploration, the use of gunpowder to wage war and other uses such as construction, and invested so much in the formation of its standing navy, culture, arts, education, literature, and philosophical studies. Confucianism had a second "fresh air" with the studies of philosophers such as Zhu Xi and Cheng Yi.
Bureaucracy was centralized under the Song dynasty and demanded its bureaucratic officials to work with virtue and high moral. Indeed, they had to pass difficult examinations and evaluations to be part of the Song bureaucratic system of government.
The Song dynasty started in 960 and ended in 1279.
