Answer: The phases of the moon and the progression of Earth’s seasons are not specifically connected, but they hinge on similar processes: one astronomical body revolving around another. Both phenomena, along with the cycle of day and night, define the most intrinsic of earthly schedules.
Earth, Moon, Sun
The sun is the focus of our solar system, holding in its gravitational pull a collection of satellites that includes the nine planets. Earth, the third planet in distance from the sun, requires a little over 365 days to complete its orbit around the star. Caught in the influence of Earth’s own gravity is its moon, which takes 28 Earth days for its revolution around our planet, and is illuminated by various degrees of reflected sunlight.
Lunar Phases
During its 28-day orbital cycle, the moon rotates on its axis once, and thus presents the same face to the Earth; the “dark side” always points away from the planet. But the moon's appearance changes throughout that orbit in a succession of lunar phases, determined by the moon’s position in relation to the Earth and sun. When the Earth lies between the moon and sun, there is a “full moon." The moon reflects its maximum amount of sunlight at this time. When the opposite configuration is true--the moon is between Earth and sun--the moon is cast in shadow, manifesting as a “new moon.”
The answer to the question would be an extra chromosome.
Meiosis is a type of cell division which all sexually reproducing diploid eukaryotes have. It is finished in the process of fertilization, resulting in a zygote. The chromosome number is divided by half in this process, resulting in four haploid cells which all differ genetically from the parent cells. After DNA replication, two cell divisions take place, referred to as Meiosis I and Meiosis II. The first cell division generates the diversity of genetic information through the process of crossing over and random positioning of homologous chromosomes. The number of chromosomes is here reduces from diploid (2n) to haploid (n).
In order to achieve genetic diversity, the homologous chromosomes need to separate in the first meiosis, and then the sister chromatids need to separate in the second meiosis, which brings us to four haploid cells. Nondisjunction is an error in this process that can happen in either the separation of homologous chromosomes, or the separation of sister chromatids. The result of nondisjunction in a chromosome imbalance, so a cell that has been affected by nondisjunction is an aneuploid cell. There are different types of aneuploidy, like monosomy (the loss of one chromosome), trisomy (the gaining of one chromosome) and different syndromes can occur as a result of this erroneous process.
Out of the answers you provided, gaining an extra chromosome would be the answer, but a single chromosome loss can also be the result of nondisjunction.
The caterpillar population will develop resistance to the pesticide if any of them survived it because they were genetically different from the rest.
B. Population is the answer
