Answer:
c, recesive
Explanation:
x chromosomes are usually recesive
According to scientists, many years ago their was a supercontinent called "Pangaea." As years went by, the continents slowly drifted apart which is what's today. However, from recent discovers, scientists predict that in about 250 millions years from now the continents will merge again, however this time, in a different order ("Pangaea Ultima"). So the answer to your question is D.
Hope this helps. :D
The ability of muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known as <u>contractility.</u>
Explanation:
- Contractility is defined as the ability of muscle cells to contract forcefully to bring about movement in body organs.
- The folding of arms are results of contractility of biceps and triceps.
- Contractility of cardiac muscle to regulate pumping of heart is again a result of contractility of myocardial muscle.
Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
