A phrase is a set of words that don't have a subject doing a verb.
A clause does have a subject doing a verb.
So therefore, 1 would be a phrase, 2 would be a subordinate clause, and I'm sure (or hope) you can figure out the rest..?
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if you link the passage we could help
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an early leader of the woman's rights movement, writing the Declaration of Sentiments as a call to arms for female equality.
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In A.E. Housman's poem "To an Athlete Dying Young," the poet uses the metaphor of the runner, an athlete, to represent all those who have died young while still in their prime and glory.
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The article "Not by Math Alone" written by Sandra Day O’Connor and Roy Romer explains how American schools are failing when talking and teaching about government and how the political system works.
First, the writers give statistics to prove that high school students do not know much about the political system and democracy and then they explain how important it is for the country to have citizens that are aware of politics and that are interested in democracy, whether their future careers are related to politics or not.
I believe their arguments are persuasive because they give statistics as proof and also because having citizens that know how their country work and how politics affects them is always a good thing.
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