Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a gentic disorder which has an impact on numerous physiological systems. PWS affected individuals (specifically babies) experience delayed growth, significant hypotonia (low muscle tone), and feeding issues. It does effect circadian rhythms in mice models.
SNORD116, often referred to as HBII-85, is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that contributes to the alteration of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Unlike the majority of other snoRNAs, SNORD116 is not significantly complementary to ribosomal RNA and is expressed widely in the brain (but not in PWS patients).
According to the studies, SNORD116 cause sleep defect in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. Same observation was seen in mouse models too. Paternal expression of SNORD116 is thought to be a potential gene for the sleep disruptions/circadian rhythm’s that the majority of PWS sufferers.
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The electrons passing through the electron transport chain gradually lose energy, High-energy electrons donated to the chain by either NADH or FADH2 complete the chain, as low-energy electrons reduce oxygen molecules and form water. ... The end products of the electron transport chain are water and ATP.
The answer to this question about the evolution of the gymnosperm plants would be C. They evolved after the seedless vascular plants.
Gymnosperms, or sometimes termed as seed plants, are classified as vascular plants and has been thriving for centuries on earth through producing seeds. They are multicotyledonous and are the opposite of flowering plants. Conifers would be the most abundant group of gymnosperms while the cycads come in second. Gingko would place last with just having one species under its name.
The answer is d b/c smaller cells will have greater surface area to volume ratio
All of the above I believe is the correct answer
