The tragedy of the commons is an economic theory of a
situation within a shared-resource system where individual users acting
independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to
the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource
through their collective action. The concept and name originate in an
essay written in 1833 by the Victorian economist William Forster Lloyd, who used a hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on common land (then colloquially called "the commons") in the British Isles.[1] The concept became widely known over a century later due to an article written by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968.[2] In this context, commons is taken to mean any shared and unregulated resource such as atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, or even an office refrigerator.
It has been argued that the very term 'tragedy of the commons' is a misnomer per se,
since 'the commons' originally referred to a resource owned by a
community, and no individual outside the community had any access to the
resource. However, the term is presently used when describing a problem
where all individuals have equal and open access to a resource.
Hence, 'tragedy of open access regimes' or simply 'the open access
problem' are more apt terms.[3]:171
The tragedy of the commons is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. It has also been used in analyzing behavior in the fields of economics, evolutionary psychology, anthropology, game theory, politics, taxation and sociology.
Although commons have been known to collapse due to overuse (such as
in over-fishing), abundant examples exist where communities cooperate or
regulate to exploit common resources prudently without collapse.
B or c But I think C hope it helps!
True
In Sociology and other social sciences, informed consent
of participants in a research study is crucial. To be ethical, it is important
for participants to be made fully aware of the nature of the study, its
purpose, methodology and risks. Informed consent provides
participants with comprehensive and clear details on the study from which they make an informed and voluntary decision to participate in the study.
I think the writer means that (especially with the second line) that there is no right or wrong way to live life - we are not guided and everything is very confusing. This is shown by the phrase "pathless wood". I also think the writer is trying to get across that they think you shouldn't think too deeply about life - just <em>live</em>. They express this in the line "It's when I'm weary of considerations". The writer is saying that life is dangerous and cruel, too, with "[O]ne line is weeping / From a twig's having lashed across it open." The writer is comparing the dangerous, ruthless, confusing woods to life itself.
I just had this question its "using visual aid"
