The Cartesian Coordinate System was invented by Rene Descartes back on the 17th century. It uses a pair of perpendicular axis to measure the distance from the origin (where the axis meet) to an specific point on the plane.
It's the basis for the analytic geometry and also provides an excellent interpretation of many of the other disciplines of math via the graph of a function. It's also the most used system in astronomy, physics and engineering.
"<span>Slavery was abolished in the United States" has nothing to do with the Dredd Scott case, which instead said that blacks had no standing in court because they were not citizens. </span>
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It has become the opposing form of government to a monarchy and has therefore no monarch as head of state. Most often a republic is a single sovereign state, but there are also sub-sovereign state entities that are referred to as republics, or that have governments that are described as republican.
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