The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
b.) Denied powers
the answer to your question is a) they had advanced planning and developed effective military methods.
Answer:
3) Europeans explore the Americas
(A)The Black Codes controlled the labor, movement, and activities of freedmen, while the Jim Crow Laws imposed racial segregation in all public facilities. I think would be the best anwser.
The power to form governments
