Answer:
Explanation:
From the information given:
The cell potential on mars E = + 100 mV
By using Goldman's equation:
Let's take a look at the impermeable cell with respect to two species;
and the two species be Na⁺ and Cl⁻
where;
z = ionic charge on the species = + 1
F = faraday constant
∴
For [Cl⁻]:
For [Na⁺]:
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the answer is the sympathetic nervous system i got that answer on my test
macrophage are immune system cells that patrol the blood and body tissues. when a macrophage finds a foreign invader, the macrophage ingests (takes in) the foreign invader and then chemically digests (breaks down) that foreign invader. to perform this frequent chemical digestion, macrophage have more than the average body cell is
Macrophages are immune system cells that are vital to the development of non-specific defense mechanisms that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. These large immune cells are present in nearly all tissues and actively remove dead and damaged cells, bacteria, cancerous cells, and cellular debris from the body.
What is Macrophages?
Macrophages are specialized cells that hunt for, engulf, and kill bacteria and other dangerous organisms. They can also activate other cells by releasing substances known as cytokines, which present antigens to T cells and start an inflammatory response.
Blood monocytes that leave the bloodstream to differentiate in various organs give rise to macrophages. Each macrophage population exhibits significant variety, which most likely reflects the level of specialization necessary for each tissue's environment.
To learn more about Macrophages
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the two main processes are: transcription and translation