Answer:
Permeable rock layer
Explanation:
Seems like the only option that truly makes sense.
Answer:
I would change "Martin's and his family" to "Martin and his family's" and "his family" doesn't need to be in parentheses.
I would change the first commentary sectence to "Martin's Grandfather speaks in sioux which is his native language." and go into futher explanation on what he "knows". It's kind of a cliff hanger.
For the second commentary sentence, you should make sure to mention who's grandfather you're talking about if they are multiple in the story. Also I would change the sentence to "The grandfather exhibits his culture while wearing traditional clothing. The traditional clothing is typically worn by people of his tribe."
For the last commentary sentence, I would change it to "The quote states that the males in the family still follow traditions because it will eventually be passed down through generations.
Explanation:
A

is used to show a large pause or interruption in thought within a sentence.
A comma does not make sense because all a comma does is separate elements in a sentence; a colon separates thoughts and/or enumerations.
Thus, dash was the only reasonable answer.
You're welcome.