Question

how many centuries between ptolemy developing in geocentric theory and copernicus proving him wrong with his heliocentric theory that the earth revolves around the sun?

Answer 1

Ptolemy was a 2nd century Greek mathematician, geographer, and astronomer (lived from 100 to 170).

Nicolaus Copernicus  lived from 1473-1543.  He published his heliocentric theory at the very end of his life (in 1543), knowing how dangerously controversial it would be.

So, from mid 16th century (1543) back to mid 2nd century (Ptolemy's time), that would be 14 centuries between the two.